Europe's Debt to Persia from Ancient to Modern Times: Religion, Philosophy, Astronomy, Mathematics, Medicine and the Sciences

This book provides a fresh scholarly perspective on how, over the centuries, Persian kings and noblemen protected and sponsored the religious and intellectual heritage of both Judea and Greece alongside that of Persia itself. The book makes available, for the first time, portraits of the life, upbringing, education, and works of generations of ardently Hellenophile Persian thinkers and scientists, and it demonstrates the pivotal influence they exerted on the works of the emerging European Renaissance and Enlightenment. Covering the period between 546 BC and 1807 AD, the book begins with the conquest of Ionian Greece by Persia when, it is argued, the thinking of Zoroastre - the great ethical monotheist, natural philosopher, and Prophet of Persian Antiquity - influenced and became fused in the ensuing centuries with that of Greece's great philosophers and scientists, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. The year 1807 AD is the year of the publication of Friedrich Hegel's Phenomenology of the Mind, inspired by the ethical monotheism of Zoroastre and Plato, the De Anima of Aristotle, and On the Rational Soul of the Persian philosopher Avicenna. The book challenges established ideas about the relationship between Persia and Greece, arguing that, contrary to received wisdom, Persia and Greece were not at odds with one another, but were rather intertwined, and these two exercised a profound influence on one another's cultural, aesthetic, philosophical, and scientific thought. Using original documentation in several European languages, the book presents the case for the intellectual marriage of Persia and Greece, and for this fusion to have formed the basis of the European Renaissance and Enlightenment.