"Liquid-Gas Relative Permeabilities in Fractures: Effects of Flow Structures..." by Chih-Ying Chen

The purposes of this work are to examine the effects of the flow structures and fracture geometry on relative permeabilities during two-phase flow in single fractures, to model two-phase relative permeabilities in fractures, and to gain better understanding of steam-water transport through fractured media and determine the behavior of relative permeability in fractures.

Contents
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
1.1 Problem Statement
1.1.1 Conventional Liquid-Gas Flow in Fractures
1.1.2 Unconventional Liquid-Vapor Flow in Fractures
1.2 Outline of the Dissertation
2 Relative Permeability in Fractures: Concepts and Reviews
2.1 Introduction of Relative Permeability
2.2 Porous Media Approach
2.3 Reviews of Air-Water Relative Permeabilities
2.4 Reviews of Steam-Water Relative Permeabilities
3 Experimental Study of Air-Water Flow in Fractures
3.1 Experimental Apparatus and Measurements
3.1.1 Fracture Apparatus Description
3.1.2 Pressure Measurements
3.1.3 Flow Rates Measurements
3.1.4 Saturation Measurements
3.2 Experimental Procedure and Data Processing
3.3 Experimental Results
3.3.1 Hydraulic Properties of the Fractures
3.3.2 Description of Flow Structures
3.3.3 Calculations of High-Resolution Relative Permeabilities
3.3.4 Average Relative Permeabilities: Prior versus Posterior
3.3.5 Relative Permeabilities Interpretation
3.4 Chapter Summary
4 A Flow-Structure Model for Two-Phase Relative Permeabilities in Fractures
4.1 Motivation
4.2 Model Description
4.3 Channel Tortuosity in Fractures
4.4 Reproduction of Relative Permeabilities
4.5 Tortuosity Modeling
4.6 Applicability and Limitations
4.6.1 Fitting Results from Earlier Studies
4.6.2 Effects of Flow Rates on Flow Structures
4.6.3 Suggestions
4.7 Chapter Summary
5 Theoretical Study of Phase Transformation Effects on Steam-Water Relative Permeabilities
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Inviscid Bubble Train Model
5.2.1 Model Description
5.2.2 Interfacial Flux for Vapor Bubbles in a Capillary
5.2.3 Modeling Results
5.3 Discussion
5.4 Chapter Summary
6 Experimental Study of Steam-Water Flow in Fractures
6.1 Apparatus, Measurements and Procedure
6.1.1 Steam and Water Rates Measurements
6.1.2 Pressure Measurements
6.1.3 Experimental Procedure
6.2 Results and Discussion
6.2.1 Effects of Non-Darcy Flow
6.2.2 Flow Structures and Relative Permeabilities
6.2.3 Effects of Phase Transformation
6.2.4 Effects of Surface Roughness
6.3 Comparison with Earlier Results from Porous Media
6.4 Relative Permeability Interpretations Using Known Models
6.5 Modeling Steam-Water Relative Permeability Using Modified Tortuous Channel Model (MTCM)
6.6 Chapter Summary
7 Verification and Improvement of a Field-Scale (Shinohara) Method
7.1 Background
7.2 Method
7.3 Laboratory Verification
7.4 Reservoir Applications
7.5 Discussion
7.6 Chapter Remarks
8 Conclusions and Future
8.1 Conclusions
8.2 Future Work
Nomenclature
References

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