Traditionally, the study of internal combustion engines operation has focused on the steady-state performance. However, the daily driving schedule of automotive and truck engines is inherently related to unsteady conditions. In fact, only a very small portion of a vehicle’s operating pattern is true steady-state, e. g. , when cruising on a motorway. Moreover, the most critical conditions encountered by industrial or marine engines are met during transients too. Unfortunately, the transient operation of turbocharged diesel engines has been associated with slow acceleration rate, hence poor driveability, and overshoot in particulate, gaseous and noise emissions. Despite the relatively large number of published papers, this very important subject has been treated in the past scarcely and only segmentally as regards reference books. Merely two chapters, one in the book Turbocharging the Internal Combustion Engine by N. Watson and M. S. Janota (McMillan Press, 1982) and another one written by D. E. Winterbone in the book The Thermodynamics and Gas Dynamics of Internal Combustion Engines, Vol. II edited by J. H. Horlock and D. E. Winterbone (Clarendon Press, 1986) are dedicated to transient operation. Both books, now out of print, were published a long time ago. Then, it seems reasonable to try to expand on these pioneering works, taking into account the recent technological advances and particularly the global concern about environmental pollution, which has intensified the research on transient (diesel) engine operation, typically through the Transient Cycles certification of new vehicles.

The content of this book originates from 35 years of teaching “steam generators” to graduate students at the Politecnico of Milan, Milan, Italy, and from 45 years of professional activity in this area – rst in industry and then as founder of a design and consulting company. Beforediscussingthecontentofthetextbook,Iwouldliketopresenttherationale for the title. Boilers are machines consisting of steam-generating tubes only, that is, of internal and external tubes where water is transformed into saturated steam. Steam generators – or, simply, generators – indicate machines equipped with one or more of the following components: superheaters, reheaters, economizers, and air heaters – besides the steam-generating tubes that make up the boiler. Finally, those machines with tubes, where instead of water, a diathermic uid ows inside, are also called boilers, for their construction is similar to that of the latter. The above notwithstanding, the term “boiler” is used even when hot water or superheated water is produced instead of steam. Large systems designed to produce electricity have all components indicated above in addition to the boiler. In medium size systems, some of these components are always present, whereas in small ones a regenerator is frequently and approp- ately included. It is therefore justi ed to use “steam generators” as title, because it best matches the actual makeup of these systems.

Modern energetic materials include explosives, blasting powders, pyrotechnic m- tures and rocket propellants [1, 2]. The study of high-temperature decomposition of condensed phases of propellants and their components (liquid, solid and hybrid) is currently of special importance for the development of space-system engineering [3, 4]. To better understand the burning mechanisms (stationary, nonstationary, - steady) of composite solid propellants and their components, information about the macrokinetics of their high-temperature decomposition is required [5]. To be able to evaluate the ignition parameters and conditions of safe handling of heat-affected explosives, one needs to know the kinetic constants of their high-temperature - composition. The development of new composite solid propellants characterized by high performance characteristics (high burning rates, high thermal stability, stability to intrachamber perturbations, and other aspects) is not possible without quanti- tive data on the high-temperature decomposition of composite solid propellants and their components [6]. The same reasons have resulted in signi?cant theoretical and practical interest in the high-temperature decomposition of components of hybrid propellants. It is known that hybrid propellants have not been used very widely due to the low bu- ing (pyrolysis) rates of the polymer blocks in the combustion chambers of hybrid rocket engines. To increase the burning rates it is necessary to obtain information about their relationships to the corresponding kinetic and thermophysical prop- ties of the fuels.

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Combustion systems are confined fields of compressible fluids where exothermic processes of combustion take place, subject to boundary conditions imposed at its borders. The subject of Dynamics of Combustion Systems is presented in three parts: Part 1. Exothermicity – considering the thermodynamic effects due to evolution of exothermic energy in a combustion system - Part 2. Field– exposing the dynamic properties of flow fields where the exothermic energy is deposited - Part 3. Explosions – revealing the dynamic features of fields and fronts due to rapid deposition of exothermic energy.

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