This book provides a systematic description and analysis of laser heat-mode lithography, addressing the basic principles, lithography system, manipulation of feature size, grayscale lithography, resist thin films, and pattern transfer, while also presenting typical experimental results and applications. It introduces laser heat-mode lithography, where the resist thin films are essentially an opto-thermal response to the laser beam with changeable wavelength and are not sensitive to laser wavelength.

X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) deliver intense, coherent, femtosecond laser pulses in the X-ray range. The XFELs are opening two new research fields. One is to study ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics in various forms of matter. XFELs can make atoms and electrons in action visible. Another field is to study the non-linear interaction of the unprecedented intense X-ray pulse with matter.

Shuji Nakamura's development of commercial light emitters from Gallium Nitride and related materials has recently propelled these materials into the mainstream of interest. It is very rare that a breakthrough of such proportion can be converted so quickly into successful commercial products. One factor for this success is Shuji Nakamura's hard work, another factor is Nichia's enlightened founder, Chairman and joint owner, Nobuo Ogawa without whom Nakamura probably could not have done this work, other factors are Professor Pankove's and Professor Akasaki's pioneering work. The amazing speed of GaN breakthroughs caused an information gap. There is much less information available on GaN then on silicon or GaAs, and most current semiconductor text books do not even mention Gallium Nitride. One of the aims of the present book is to close this information gap, another important aim is to provide a report on the development of Gal­ lium Nitride based light emitters and lasers and their properties. Both aims are rapidly moving targets: recent results near the end of the book even report, that InGaN lasers might become the first commercial lasers using self-assembled quantum dots.

Lasers, having proven useful in such diverse areas as high­ resolution spectroscopy and the guiding of ferryboats, are cur­ rently enjoying great popularity among materials scientists and engineers. As versatile sources of "pure" energy in a highly concentrated form, lasers have become attractive tools and re­ search instruments in metallurgy, semiconductor technology and engineering. This text treats, from a physicist's point of view, some of the processes that lasers can induce in materials. The field of laser-material interactions is inherently mul­ tidisciplinary. Upon impact of a laser beam on a material, electromagnetic energy is converted first into electronic exci­ tation and then into thermal, chemical and mechanical energy. In the whole process the molecular structure as well as the shape of the material are changed in various ways. Understand­ ing this sequence of events requires knowledge from several branches of physics. A unified presentation of the subject, for the benefit of the materials researcher as well as the advanced student, is attempted here. In order to keep the book reason­ ably trim, I have focused on laser effects in solids such as thin films and technological materials. Related topiCS not cov­ ered are laser-induced chemical reactions in gases and liquids and laser effects in organic or biological materials.

This handbook provides a comprehensive review of the entire field of laser micro and nano processing, including not only a detailed introduction to individual laser processing techniques but also the fundamentals of laser-matter interaction and lasers, optics, equipment, diagnostics, as well as monitoring and measurement techniques for laser processing. Consisting of 11 sections, each composed of 4 to 6 chapters written by leading experts in the relevant field. Each main part of the handbook is supervised by its own part editor(s) so that high-quality content as well as completeness are assured.

This quick guide demonstrates the value of dermoscopy before, during, and after the treatment of a wide variety of vascular and other skin lesions with laser and/or intense pulsed light (IPL). The coverage includes the treatment of benign pigmented pathologies, melanocytic nevi, seborrheic dermatoses, solar lentigines, telangiectasias, flat angiomas, port-wine scars, other vascular pathologies, keloids and hypertrophic scars, acne and post-traumatic scars, and tattoos.

The PUILS series delivers up-to-date reviews of progress in Ultrafast Intense Laser Science, a newly emerging interdisciplinary research field spanning atomic and molecular physics, molecular science, and optical science, which has been stimulated by the recent developments in ultrafast laser technologies. Each volume compiles peer-reviewed chapters authored by researchers at the forefront of each their own subfields of UILS. Every chapter begins with an overview of the topics to be discussed, so that researchers unfamiliar to the subfield, as well as graduate students, can grasp the importance and attractions of the research topic at hand; these are followed by reports of cutting-edge discoveries. This seventh volume covers a broad range of topics from this interdisciplinary research field, focusing on the ionization of atoms and molecules, ultrafast responses of protons and electrons within a molecule, molecular alignment, high-order harmonics and attosecond pulse generation, and acceleration of electrons and ions in laser plasmas.