Early and accurate fault detection and diagnosis for modern chemical plants can minimise downtime, increase the safety of plant operations, and reduce manufacturing costs. The process-monitoring techniques that have been most effective in practice are based on models constructed almost entirely from process data. The goal of the book is to present the theoretical background and practical techniques for data-driven process monitoring. Process-monitoring techniques presented include: Principal component analysis; Fisher discriminant analysis; Partial least squares; Canonical variate analysis.

The Encyclopedia of Systems and Control collects a broad range of short expository articles that describe the current state of the art in the central topics of control and systems engineering as well as in many of the related fields in which control is an enabling technology. The editors have assembled the most comprehensive reference possible, and this has been greatly facilitated by the publisher’s commitment to continuously publish updates to the articles as they become available in the future. Although control engineering is now a mature discipline, it remains an area in which there is a great deal of research activity, and as new developments in both theory and applications become available, they will be included in the online version of the encyclopedia. A carefully chosen team of leading authorities in the field has written the well over 300 articles, 50 of them new in the second edition. The topics range from basic principles of feedback in servomechanisms to advanced topics such as the control of Boolean networks and evolutionary game theory and this range has also been expanded to include material on such subjects as the Internet of Things, quantum control and smart grids. Because the content has been selected to reflect both foundational importance and subjects that are of current interest to the research and practitioner communities, a broad readership that includes students, application engineers, and research scientists will find entries that are of interest.

Modem materials science is exploiting novel tools of solid-state physics and chemistry to obtain an unprecedented understanding of the structure of matter at the atomic level. The direct outcome of this understanding is the ability to design and fabricate new materials whose properties are tailored to a given device ap­ plication. Although applications of materials science can range from low weight, high strength composites for the automobile and aviation industry to biocompat­ ible polymers, in no other field has progress been more strikingly rapid than in that of electronic materials. In this area, it is now possible to predict from first principles the properties of hypothetical materials and to construct artificially structured materials with layer-by-Iayer control of composition and microstruc­ ture. The resulting superlattices, multiple quantum wells, and high temperature superconductors, among others, will dominate our technological future. A large fraction of the current undergraduate and graduate students in science and engi­ neering will be directly involved in furthering the revolution in electronic mate­ rials. With this book, we want to welcome such students to electronic materials research and provide them with an introduction to this exciting and rapidly de­ veloping area of study. A second purpose of this volume is to provide experts in other fields of solid­ state physics and chemistry with an overview of contemporary research within the field of electronic materials.

Dieses Fachbuch stellt die Horden- und Flächentrocknung in Theorie und Praxis vor. Es bietet Hinweise für die Auslegung, den praktischen Betrieb und die Lösung auftretender Probleme. Beschrieben werden absatzweise und quasikontinuierliche Horden- und Flächentrockner für Warmluft- und Vakuumtrocknung in verschiedenen Industriebereichen und in der Landtechnik. Auf die Nutzung der Solarstrahlung, von Abwärme und von Wärmepumpen in der Energiezufuhr wird eingegangen.

Der vorliegende Text befasst sich mit der verfahrenstechnischen Projektierung und Auslegung von Anlagen in denen Schüttgüter verarbeitet werden. Es ist bekannt, dass derartige Anlagen häufig deutlich längere und höhere Kosten verursachende Inbetriebnahme- und Einstellzeiten erfordern als geplant bzw. bei vergleichbaren Anlagen aus dem Chemie-, Gas- oder Flüssigkeitsbereich üblich. Ursache hierfür ist i. Allg. die ungenügende Analyse der Schüttguteigenschaften und des daraus resultierenden Schüttgutverhaltens. Dieses ist außerordentlich komplex und von der jeweiligen Handhabungssituation, d. h. den einwirkenden äußeren Kräften, abhängig. Es werden deshalb Methoden vorgestellt, mit denen auf Basis einfach zu ermittelnder Kenngrößen das aktuell vorliegende Schüttgut in verschiedene mögliche Klassen von Verhaltensweisen eingeordnet werden kann. Die Anwendung dieser Klassifizierungsschemata wird anhand verschiedener Handhabungssituationen ausführlich dargestellt.

The development of contemporary molecular biology with its growing tendency toward in-depth study of the mechanisms of biological processes, structure, function, and identification of biopolymers requires application of accurate physicochemical methods. Electrophoresis occupies a key position among such methods. A wide range of phenomena fall un­ der the designation of electrophoresis in the literature at the present time. One common characteristic of all such phenomena is transport by an elec­ tric field of a substance whose particles take on a net charge as a result of interaction with the solution.

Liquid chromatography has proved to be one of the most important tools for separations. Rapid development in biotechnology has increased the demand for chromatography in analytical, preparative and large scale applications. The understanding of the dynamics of chromatography is imperative for the scale-up. This book is a systematic treatment of the general rate models for various forms of liquid chromatography including adsorption, size exclusion, affinity, reversed phase, hydrophobic interaction, and radial flow chromatography. Thermodynamic and mass transfer effects in liquid chromatography are discussed. Applications of computer programs for the rate models are described and the procedures for the scale-up of preparative- and large-scale liquid chromatography using the general rate models are given.

This book includes for first time the synthesis and intensified process design in the production of top biofuels. The production of biofuels is not new. In 2019, global biofuel production levels reached 1,841 thousand barrels of oil equivalent per day, in stark comparison to the 187 thousand barrels of oil equivalent per day that was produced in 2000. Growth has largely been driven by policies that encourage the use and production of biofuels due to the perception that it could provide energy security and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in relevant sectors.

Additive Manufacturing Technologies: Rapid Prototyping to Direct Digital Manufacturing deals with various aspects of joining materials to form parts. Additive Manufacturing (AM) is an automated technique for direct conversion of 3D CAD data into physical objects using a variety of approaches. Manufacturers have been using these technologies in order to reduce development cycle times and get their products to the market quicker, more cost effectively, and with added value due to the incorporation of customizable features. Realizing the potential of AM applications, a large number of processes have been developed allowing the use of various materials ranging from plastics to metals for product development. Authors Ian Gibson, David W. Rosen and Brent Stucker explain these issues, as well as:

Written by a leading expert on Aspirin-related research, this is the most comprehensive treaty of the history, pharmacological effects and clinical applications of one of the most successful drugs ever.

This book highlights current efforts and research in Malaysia on conversion of bio-resources to renewable energy of biofuel as an alternative way of producing energy from fossil-based fuels. The book starts with the renewable energy developments and policies in Malaysia and discusses the main renewable resources available. It addresses the use of more environmentally friendly technologies which can lead to the reduction of pollution and thus sustaining the ecology for treatment of bio-resources. The book also presents new initiatives in bioenergy production with theories, applications, and challenges of biological processes of biofuel production such as bioethanol, biobutanol, biogas, microbial fuel cell (MFC), and biodiesel. It discusses the potential of renewable energy resources to meet the energy needs without damaging/affecting the environment.

This book presents the latest multi-pollutant (mainly NOx, SOx, particulate matter, heavy metals) control technologies for flue gases and the applications in coal-fired power plants. Pollutant control by catalytic, electric, and absorption methods, the multi-pollutant removal system and its performance evaluation are systematically introduced. This book is a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners in environmental science & engineering, energy & power engineering, and chemical science & engineering, etc.

This book provides a comprehensive review of the production of smelter grade alumina from bauxite ores. It emphasizes the best practices applied in the industry today but seen in a historical context with a view to future challenges and developments.

This book discusses effective and alternative uses for natural gas (NG) and highlights the utilization of NG in the field of methane activation and chemical production. It details the techniques used during the reforming process of petrochemical and bio-derived fuels and it presents cutting-edge research that describes the utilization of NG that enables it to be more cost-effective and eliminate the expensive greenhouse gas emitting process of hydrogen production.

Ali Masoudi Alavi untersucht die kristallinen Reaktionsprodukte bei der chemischen Härtung von Natrium- und Kalium-Wassergläsern mit Aluminium-Tetrametaphosphat. Der Autor findet dabei Hinweise auf den Härtungsmechanismus und zeigt, dass die Härtungsreaktion in zwei Stufen erfolgt. Im ersten Schritt findet eine Ionen-Austausch-Reaktion zwischen den Alkali-Ionen des Wasserglases und Aluminium-Ionen des Metaphosphats statt. In einem zweiten Schritt erfolgt die mehrstufige Depolymerisation der cyclischen Phosphat-Strukturen hin zu Alkali-Hydrogenphosphaten als finales Depolymerisationsprodukt.