Semiconductor technology has developed considerably during the past several decades. The exponential growth in microelectronic processing power has been achieved by a constant scaling down of integrated cir,cuits. Smaller fea­ ture sizes result in increased functional density, faster speed, and lower costs. One key ingredient of the LSI technology is the development of the lithog­ raphy and microfabrication. The current minimum feature size is already as small as 0.2 /tm, beyond the limit imposed by the wavelength of visible light and rapidly approaching fundamental limits. The next generation of devices is highly likely to show unexpected properties due to quantum effects and fluctuations. The device which plays an important role in LSIs is MOSFETs (metal­ oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors). In MOSFETs an inversion layer is formed at the interface of silicon and its insulating oxide. The inversion layer provides a unique two-dimensional (2D) system in which the electron concentration is controlled almost freely over a very wide range. Physics of such 2D systems was born in the mid-1960s together with the development of MOSFETs. The integer quantum Hall effect was first discovered in this system.

Microsystem technology (MST) integrates very small (up to a few nanometers) mechanical, electronic, optical, and other components on a substrate to construct functional devices. These devices are used as intelligent sensors, actuators, and controllers for medical, automotive, household and many other purposes. This book is a basic introduction to MST for students, engineers, and scientists. It is the first of its kind to cover MST in its entirety. It gives a comprehensive treatment of all important parts of MST such as microfabrication technologies, microactuators, microsensors, development and testing of microsystems, and information processing in microsystems. It surveys products built to date and experimental products and gives a comprehensive view of all developments leading to MST devices and robots.

Optical Resonators provides a detailed discussion of the properties of optical resonators for lasers from basic theory to recent research. In addition to describing the fundamental theories of resonators such as geometrical optics, diffraction, and polarisation the characteristics of all important resonator schemes and their calculation are presented. Experimental examples, practical problems and a collection of measurement techniques support the comprehensive treatment of the subject.

Comunicare la biblioteca oggi significa navigare in un ecosistema complesso, dove l'intelligenza artificiale e l'evoluzione dell'infosfera ridefiniscono linguaggi, strumenti e strategie. Non si tratta solo di adottare nuove tecnologie, ma di ripensare il modo in cui contenuti e relazioni prendono forma, tra multicanalità, modelli decisionali non lineari e l'evoluzione dei social in spazi di intrattenimento. Questo saggio offre un quadro metodologico per affrontare il cambiamento, integrando analisi e strategie per una comunicazione efficace, consapevole e in sintonia con le nuove abitudini dei pubblici. Un focus è dedicato all'IA generativa e al prompting, con esempi pratici per un utilizzo mirato e informato delle loro potenzialità.

Un uomo tranquillo, ma ben preparato a difendersi, che ha trovato finalmente la pace in un luogo ameno viene, suo malgrado, trascinato in una spirale di violenza che non gli appartiene. Tra spacciatori di droga, sicari russi e intrighi internazionali, la storia si sviluppa in un alternarsi di colpi di scena, per concludersi in modo inaspettato. Un racconto dove l'amicizia, l'onestà e il senso dell'onore si scontrano con la violenza e la dura realtà dei nostri giorni. All'interno - come in tutti i volumi Fermento - gli "Indicatori" per consentire al lettore un agevole viaggio dentro il libro.

"Ho intitolato questa raccolta "foglie sparse" per richiamare le "mille foglie" della famosa e più antica raccolta poetica giapponese Man'yoshu (raccolta di diecimila foglie) e le "rime sparse" del canzoniere di Petrarca, intese proprio senza un ordine preciso". Bruni Davide.

I combattenti che con il loro coraggio hanno contribuito a liberare l'Italia dal nazifascismo. A differenza degli altri Paesi belligeranti, non si può dire che l'Italia abbia fatto pienamente i conti con la seconda guerra mondiale (né del resto con il fascismo). Una delle conseguenze è l'oblio caduto su molti dei militari che, dopo l'armistizio dell'8 settembre 1943 e il disorientamento che ne seguì, affrontarono il nazifascismo con eroico sacrificio patriottico. Alcuni diventarono partigiani, altri combatterono nelle file dell'esercito regolare; alcuni sono stati insigniti di elogi e onorificenze, di altri si è conosciuto a malapena il nome.

Semiconductor Physics - An Introduction - is suitable for the senior undergraduate or new graduate student majoring in electrical engineering or physics. It will also be useful to solid-state scientists and device engineers involved in semiconductor design and technology. The text provides a lucid account of charge transport, energy transport and optical processes, and a detailed description of many devices. It includes sections on superlattices and quantum well structures, the effects of deep-level impurities on transport, the quantum Hall effect and the calculation of the influence of a magnetic field on the carrier distribution function. This 6th edition has been revised and corrected, and new sections have been added to different chapters.

Shuji Nakamura's development of commercial light emitters from Gallium Nitride and related materials has recently propelled these materials into the mainstream of interest. It is very rare that a breakthrough of such proportion can be converted so quickly into successful commercial products. One factor for this success is Shuji Nakamura's hard work, another factor is Nichia's enlightened founder, Chairman and joint owner, Nobuo Ogawa without whom Nakamura probably could not have done this work, other factors are Professor Pankove's and Professor Akasaki's pioneering work. The amazing speed of GaN breakthroughs caused an information gap. There is much less information available on GaN then on silicon or GaAs, and most current semiconductor text books do not even mention Gallium Nitride. One of the aims of the present book is to close this information gap, another important aim is to provide a report on the development of Gal­ lium Nitride based light emitters and lasers and their properties. Both aims are rapidly moving targets: recent results near the end of the book even report, that InGaN lasers might become the first commercial lasers using self-assembled quantum dots.

Many dynamical systems in physics, chemistry and biology exhibit complex be­ haviour. The apparently random motion of a fluid is the best known example. How­ ever also vibrating structures, electronic oscillators, magnetic devices,lasers, chemical oscillators, and population kinetics can behave in a complicated manner. One can find irregular oscillations, which is now known as chaotic behaviour. The research field of nonlinear dynamical systems and especially the study of chaotic systems has been hailed as one of the important breaktroughs in science this century. The sim­ plest realization of a system with chaotic behaviour is an electronic oscillator. The purpose of this book is to provide a comprehensive introduction to the application of chaos theory to electronic systems. The book provides both the theoretical and experimental foundations of this research field. Each electronic circuit is described in detail together with its mathematical model. Controlling chaos of electronic oscilla­ tors is also included. End of proofs and examples are indicated by •. Inside examples the end of proofs are indicated with O. We wish to express our gratitude to Catharine Thompson for a critical reading of the manuscript. Any useful suggestions and comments are welcome. Email address of the first author: MVANWYK@TSAMAIL. TRSA. AC. ZA Email address of the first author: WHS@RAU3. RAU. AC. ZA Home page of the authors: http://zeus. rau. ac. za/steeb/steeb. html xi Chapter 1 Introduction 1.